Study the meanings artworks within postmodernism

I will in this essay write about a few postmodern graphicss, and how they represents postmodern art, and expression at what societal issues pushed postmodernism in the way it did, and besides compare postmodernism with modernism and expression at it ‘s antonyms and how they differ from each other. I would wish to get down by depicting an installing by an conceptual creative person Daniel Buren ( b.1939. ) , entitled â€Å" On two degrees with two colourss † ( 1976 ) , which featured a vertically striped set at the floor degrees of two bordering gallery suites, one at a measure up from the other. Empty suites, nil else. A This installing is a good illustration of where modernism itself has arrived at through a relentless history of invention. ( presenting postmod. p.5 ) Another graphics for which Martin Creed won the Turner Prize in 2001 was an empty room, in which the electric visible radiations go on and off. This graphicss are pure conceptual art, where 1 might oppugn where is the art, what is the art? I guess graphicss like this or even Duchamps celebrated readymades of a urinal or his bike wheel mounted to a stool, tests our rational responces and tolerance of the plants that the art gallery can convey attending to the populace. I would state it does raise the inquiry what is art, yet it is non every bit gratifying as Rodin ‘s â€Å" Kiss † or the far more intricate abstract constructions of a sculpturer like Anthony Caro. ( postmodernism, a really shhort debut, page 2. ) Other graphicss within postmodernism might be that of Puritanism, naming into the inquiry and doing the audience experience guilty or disturbed, are attitudes which are typical of much postmodernist art, and they frequently have a political dimension.AWhat so is postmodern? What infinite does Cezanne dispute? The impressionists. What object do Picasso and Braque challenge? Cezanne ‘s. What presupposition does Duchamp interrupt with in 1912? The thought that 1 has to do a picture – even a cubist picture. And Buren examines another presupposition that he believes emerged integral from Duchamp ‘s work: the topographic point of the plants presentation. The postmodern explained to kids p 21 ) JeanA Francois Lyotard has used the term postmodernims to mention to three separate inclinations. A ) A tendency within architecture off from Modern Movement ‘s undertaking of a last rebuilding of the whole infinite occupied by humanity, B ) a decay of assurance in the thought of advancement and modernisation and C ) a recongnition that it is no longer allow to use the methaphor of the avant garde as if modern creative persons were soldiers contending on the boundary lines of cognition and the cisible prefiguring in their art some kind of corporate planetary hereafter. Art in modern civilization an anthology of critical texts, p 333. By the mid 1960s, critics like Susan Sontag and Ihab Hassan had begun to indicate out some of features of what we call postmodernism. They argued that the work of postmodernists was â€Å" intentionally less incorporate, less evidently ‘masterful ‘ , more playful or lawless, more concerned with the procedures of our understanding than with the pleasances of artistic coating and integrity, less inclined to keep a narrative together, than much of the art that had preceded it. † ( postmodernism, a really short debut, page 5.AAnyone can see that Renaissance portrayal and classical statuary are doneA with great accomplishment, A thereA is no inquiry of that. Some of the landscapes are breathtaking. The Gallic impressionists seem possibly non to be so careful about their drawing, but their tap of bright colour makes an expressed picture, astonishingA drama with coloring material and visible radiation. ClaudeA Monet'sA Haystack at Sunset Near Giverny, 1891, is a perfect i llustration of how Monet moves off from realistA painting andA now depicts the lanscape in coloring material and bathed inA visible radiation. At this clip there were hope, dreams and glorification in the universe.AExtremist motions and tendencies regarded as influential and potentially as precursors to postmodernism emerged around World War I and peculiarly in its wake. With the debut of the usage of industrial artefacts in art and techniques such as montage, daring motions such as Cubism, Dada and Surrealism questioned the nature and value of art.AIn february 1916 a little group of creative persons seeking safety from the war in Zurich opened the Cabaret Voltaire. This was the topographic point designed to give immature creative persons the chance to expose their work to the populace in a nightclub state of affairs. It became the first place of the anti-activities subsequently called dada.A It was Nihilistic, that is, it heldA that all traditional values and beliefs were baseless, and life was without sense and intent. Louis Aragon ‘s verse form â€Å" Suicide † is nil but the alphabeth in it ‘s normal order. Other Dadaists created â€Å" verse forms † by cutting words from the newspaper, seting them into a chapeau, and pasting words to paper as they were drawn at random from the chapeau. The poesy was of course absurd. I understand these motions as a contemplation on society, and the bunk which happened during the war. Later in deconstruction we can see even further that the philosophers deconstruct and draw apart ground and the words intending to each other.AAEven the abstract expressionists like Willem De Kooning painting â€Å" Woman and bike, 1952-53 † along with Jackson Pollock, Franz Kline, Arshile GorkyA andA Mark RothkoA show a new manner of showing themselves through coloring materials andA abstract expression.A In a celebrated missive to the New York Times ( June 1943 ) , Gottlieb and Rothko, with the aid of Newman , wrote: â€Å" To us, art is an escapade into an unknown universe of the imaginativeness which is fancy-free and violently opposed to common sense. There is no such thing as a good picture about nil. We assert that the topic is critical. † hypertext transfer protocol: //www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abex/hd_abex.htmAThere are many resistances between modernism and postmodernism, and I would wish to advert a few of the binary antonyms that I can happen. ModernismA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Postmodernism FormA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Antiform PurposeA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Play DesignA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Chance HierarchyA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Anarchy Art object/Finished worksA A A A Process/Performance/Happening SignifiedA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A SignifierAModernism was characterized by a dramatic alteration of idea. The society improved itself by affecting scientific discipline and engineering into it. Modernism was based on utilizing rational, logical agencies to derive cognition while postmodernism denied the application of logical thought. As postmodernism was a reaction to modernism the thought during the postmodern epoch was based on unscientific, irrational idea procedure. While a hierarchal, organized and determinate nature of cognition characterized modernism. But postmodernism was based on an lawless, non-totalized and undetermined province of cognition. Modernist attack was nonsubjective, theoretical and analytical while the postmodernism attack was based on subjectiveness. It lacked the analytical nature and ideas were rhetorical and wholly based on belief. The cardinal difference between modernism and postmodernism is that modernist thought is about t he hunt of an abstract truth of life while postmodernist minds believe that there is no cosmopolitan truth, abstract or otherwise. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/214493.htmlADo we still view art as a manner of societal alteration like the modernist vanguard did, which at the clip even helped to determine many of the political motions of the 20th century? Well, have look at the manner futurism promoted Italian fascism with its aesthetic of the machine. The art reflected the societal alterations, and influenced by its germinating scientific discipline and engineering. By the nineteen-seventies, the political ideals that fuelled modernism had given manner to profound disenchantment with wars such as Vietnam, ultra-utilitarian architecture, and academic minimal art. Artists began to utilize artistic manners independently of their original political docket. The rise of the great post-war innovatory creative persons were Stockhausen, Boelez, Robbe-Grillet, Becket, Coover, Rauschenberg and Beuys. Alongside were a figure of Gallic intellectuals, notably the Marxist societal theoretician Louis Altusser, the cultural critic Roland Bartes, the philosopher Jaque Derrida, and the historian Michel Foucault. Their advanced philosophical idea traveling off from the strongly ethical and individualist existential philosophy that was typical of the instantly post-war period towards far more doubting and anti-humanist attitudes. These new beliefs were expressed to be known as deconstructive and poststructuralist theory.AThere are a figure ofA factors that contributed to the postmodern epoch. How would the universe reaction to the pandemonium after the Holocaust, post-colonial rigidness, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the Vietnam War, it caused people to go increasingly more disillusioned about the built-in significance and value of life and art.A New manners of art have failed to pull them in the manner that Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism or Surrealism did.AThe manner people live in the universe changed as the of new image-based engineerings of telecasting, picture, screenprinting, computing machines, the cyberspace emerged. This new found engineering generated a immense moving ridge of movie and photographic imagination – of topographic points, events and international famous persons – and now draughtsman ship was less sought, in the procedure. By pull stringsing this new engineering, artists including painters, graphic artists, sculpturers and others involved in newer signifiers like installing, does n't follow the traditional procedures involved in à ¢â‚¬Å" doing art, † but still make something new. An illustration is Ana Fabriusius Christiansen who is a ceramic creative person working with clay and comparatively new media such as picture taking and picture. The crude stuff juxtaposed with a hi-tech medium gives it an interesting consequence, while at the same clip movie ‘s documenting map is an of import portion of vizualizing a complex subject. The universe is traveling in rapid velocity with it ‘s growing of consumerism and instant satisfaction over the last few decennaries of the twentieth century, this impression has besides had a immense impact on the ocular humanistic disciplines. Modern consumers want amusement. In response, many creative persons, conservators and other professionals have taken the chance to turn art into a â€Å" merchandise. † For illustration, installing and picture have allowed consumers to see art in a much more pro-active manner. The populace has a desire to be shocked and be stimulated, and this desire is certainly met by new artistic subject-matter, like dead tiger sharks, immense ice-sculptures, crowds of bare organic structures, presentations of deceasing flies, islands wrapped in pink polypropene cloth, and so on, there is nil predictable about being a human anymore. Popculture and art is wondrous depicts the growing of consumerism as can be seen in Richard Hamiltons â€Å" Just what is it that makes todays places so different, so appealing. † ( 1956 ) In a manner this montage is rather an accepting yet roasting position of the consumerist civilization we live in. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usc.edu/programs/cst/deadfiles/lacasis/ansc100/library/images/771.htmlAThe postmodernist impression of human individuality as basically constructed like a fiction is besides to be found in the ocular humanistic disciplines, as is to be seen in Cindy Sherman ‘s series of exposure, â€Å" Untitled Film Stills † ( 1977-1980 ) and its replacements. In each of these Sherman impersonates movie actresses, masking herself more or less in different vesture and in different implied state of affairss, which are typical or stereotyped film.A In so doingA of course arises the inquiry of who is theA ‘realA Cindy Sherman? A Which exposure could perchance convert us that we are seing this? An unfastened, sincere, emotional or even naked one? A The French sociologist Jean Baudrillard means that the boundary line between art and world has absolutely vanished as both have collapsed into a cosmopolitan simulacrum, and he makes a decision that the representational image-sign goes through four historic stages. First, the image is the contemplation of a basic world. Second the image masks and perverts the basic world. Third the image marks the absence of a basic world. And forth the image bears no relation to any world whatever- it is its ain pure simulacrum. In Linguistics Saussure proposed that within the linguistic communication system, the form, the word or acoustic image, is that which carries significance, and the signified, the construct, is that which it refers to. Meaning is the procedure which binds together signifier and signified to bring forth a mark. A mark must be understood as a relation which has no significance outside the system of meaning. The job is – does the signifies refer to the image or concept â€Å" ox † or to the ox itself as a thing. The association of sound and what it represents is the result of corporate acquisition, and this is meaning. Meaning is hence the merchandise of a system of representation, which is itself meaningless. For the deconstructor, the relationship of linguistic communication to world is non given, since all linguistic communication systems are inherently undependable cultural concepts. Magritte made a painting inquiry the mark, painting a pipe and composing underneath â€Å" this is non a pipe. â€Å" A In 1967, Barthes caused a esthesis by proclaiming â€Å" the decease of the writer. † He meant that readers create their ain significances, irrespective of the writers purposes ; the texts they use do so are therefore evershifting, unstable and unfastened to inquiry. Does this impact how we create art or literature, and what we are seeking for in picture? Cezanne was seeking for truth, and wrote in a missive â€Å" I owe you the truth in picture, † which was the starting point for Derrida ‘s recent text. What is this truth, how can you convey truth in painting? Throughout the full history of believing about art and object at that place has been the hunt to set up the indispensable precedence of Son over mythos, ground over representation, construct over methaphor, the intelligble over reasonable and finally truth over picture. What is truth, and can it be depicted? Platos thought of truth is that of an unveiling inward disclosure from the psyche. Truth which is already written in the psyche and which is a recollection of what you already know. Many creative person has troughout history searched for truth in picture, yet Picasso stated art is â€Å" non truth. † He said if he pursued a truth on his canvas, he could paint a 100 canvases with the same truth, which one so is truth? And what is truth – the thing that acts as my theoretical account, or what I am painting? Derrida claimed and showing that written words do non stand for spoken words which do non stand for ideas which do non stand for truth or God, which are non referents of the metaphysical universe. These new doctrines brakes down everything we have of all time known and searched for in fact, it peals off anything that can be held fast, yet it besides opens up the possibility that truth is merely what you believe to be true, and it is of all time altering. Meaning is even different from individual to individual. So can anything we of all time communicate truly be understood? If you think about it, you do n't see with your eyes, but instead with your head. You will make significance and emotional responses to art from your ain personal memories. And for one individual a cow might be related to fear, for another place. Phillip Guston states that painting is non on a surface, yet it is imagined. He expresses himself and says that painting is non made with colorss and pigment at all. And that he does n't cognize what a picture is ; who knows what sets off even the desire to paint? It might be things, ideas, a memory, esthesiss, which has nil to make with painting itself. They come from anything and everyplace, a trifle some item observed, wondered about and, of course from the old picture. Guston declares that the picture is non on a surface, but on a plane which is imagined. It moves in a head. It is non there physically at all. It is an semblance, a piece of thaumaturgy, so what you see is non what you see. There is Leonardo Da Vinci celebrated statement that picture is a thing of the head. The thought of the pleasances of the oculus is non simply limited, it is n't even possible. Everything means something. Anything in life or in art, any grade you make has significance and the lone inquiry is, wh at sort of significance? † Furthermore Feyerabend makes the statement that â€Å" The lone absolute truth is that there are no absolute truths. A The current Postmodern belief is that a right description of Reality is impossible. This utmost incredulity, of which Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Karl Popper and Thomas Kuhn are peculiarly celebrated, assumes that ; a ) A A A All truth is limited, approximate, and is invariably germinating ( Nietzsche, Kuhn, Popper ) . B ) No theory can of all time be proved true – we can merely demo that a theory is false ( Popper ) . degree Celsiuss ) No theory can of all time explicate all things systematically ( Godel ‘s rawness theorem ) . vitamin D ) There is ever a separation between our head & A ; thoughts of things and the thing in itself ( Kant ) . vitamin E ) Physical world is non deterministic ( Copenhagen reading of quantum natural philosophies, Bohr ) . degree Fahrenheit ) Science constructs are mental concepts ( logical positivism, Mach, Carnap ) . g ) Metaphysics is empty of content. H ) Thus absolute and certain truth that explains all things is inaccessible.ANot merely make these new doctrines bring about new ways of thought, scientific discipline besides shape the manner we think. Is science the new art? Technology is responsible for altering how we think about the existence. An illustration is Galileo when he created the telescope, with the new thought of an infinite existence. In the De Revolutionibus, ( 1543 ) hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/copernicus.html Copernicus established the order of planets and proposed a heliostatic existence which were groundbreaking. Newton ‘s clockwork existence explains the existence to be predictable and made with order. Science is today turn outing what the mystics wrote approximately at the beginning of clip. Chaos and complexness theory show us that patterns be given to repeat and prevail ( like fractals ) at all degrees of observation: â€Å" As Above ; So Below. â€Å" A A There are many creative persons who are influenced by scientific discipline like Jaq Chartier who mirrors dna-mapping, Mark Francis and Ross Bleckner who create pictures associating to the microscopic image of cells and Daniel Lee who makes exposure of figures being half human and half animate being, raising inquiries of what it is to be a human.AAs political relations, doctrine, scientific discipline and new engineering has all been portion of determining the universe and the art of the postmodern epoch, what will the hereafter bring? One thing is certain even if there is no ultimate truth, and we are of all time altering and germinating art invariably revises the inquiries of who are we? What are we here for? And where are we traveling?

Prison System in Crisis?

The term crisis refers to an intense time of difficulty, trouble or danger, or a time when difficult decisions must be made. However, in the context of the prison system, it has to be looked at differently. This can be seen throughout the essay in how there have been times of danger, and difficult policy decisions made. In looking at whether these problems are important to the prison system, it has to be looked at whether it is hindering the purposes and objectives of prison. It is also worth noting that the prison system has been regarded in being in crisis for many years by the media and academics (Cavadino & Dignan, 2007). Thus it would appear the `crisis’ hasn’t been at one specific time its been gradually building year after year. The purpose of prison in today’s society is to treat prisoners in a secure and safe facility, where they will be treated humanely, decently, and lawfully. This is as well as protecting the public, ensuring the prisoner is punished for the crimes committed, as well as also helping them rehabilitate themselves. These aims are issued by the National Offender Management Service (NOMS). The way in which NOMS are able to do this is by their close relationship with the probation service, gathering of statistics and also the setting of key performance indicators. Key performance indicators can be targets such as reoffending rate going down by 10% from the previous year, no category A escapes, drug misuse rates and percentage of prisoners in overcrowded accommodation (Leech, 2009). The gathering of all this information means that officials can now monitor the performance of prisons and see if they are fulfilling their functions. If they are not then it is reasonable to suggest that the prison is in crisis and needs to address the issues, which are causing the problems. In identifying whether there is a crisis in the prison system, different thoughts of criminology offer different explanations. One account that explains the crisis is the Orthodox. This account suggests that the crisis consists of many different components which all intertwine to combine to a crisis (Tredwell, 2006). It also suggests that the crisis itself is not one of the whole penal system but one just within the prison system itself (Cavadino & Dignan, 2007). The first factor that orthodox criminologists address is the effect the population of prisons have on the system. Through out the history of the prison system in particular the twentieth century it can be seen that the prison population has been steadily rising. For example in 1960 the average prison population was 26,198, in 1990 43,378, compare this to 2011 which was 81,763(Berman, 2012:18). As this evidence shows, through out the twentieth and twenty first century the prison population has been rising. This increases the demand on prisons and prison staff to be able to deal with the higher numbers. This is a major problem for the prison system if the trend is not altered, it will keep on increasing year by year as the evidence suggests. This problem directly leads on to fact that prisons are overcrowded. Overcrowding in prisons according to orthodox account makes it much harder for prisons to be able to meet their purpose of rehabilitating offenders. Overcrowding takes place ‘when the number of prisoners held exceeds the establishments Certified Normal Accommodation (CNA)’ (Berman 2012:11). CNA ‘represents the good, decent standard of accommodation the service aspires to provide all prisoners. Any places above the CNA are referred to as overcrowding places’ (Jewkes & Bennett, 2008:38). In England and Wales in 2012 over sixty two per cent of the prison estate was overcrowded according to CNA statistics (Berman, 2012: 11). Looking at this, in relation to the aims of having humane conditions for prisoners to live in, the prison system is not meeting its targets. Prisons shouldn’t be overcrowded, but the majority are meaning that more prisoners are sharing cells then what is intended. In relation to rehabilitation it is clear to see the higher number in prison the less resources will be available for prisoners. The less resources available to prisoners will mean less time spent on individual cases limiting the chances of success in reformation. High Prison population and Overcrowding also lead on to the fact that there will be problems within the prison concerning staff. One of the problems in terms of staff will be the numbers available. With the increasing numbers, and the reductions in the prison budget, means the staff to prisoner ratio will continue to worsen. With this means that the supervision of prisoners will be less available which will reduce time out of cells and time in classes working towards rehabilitation. This also leads on to another problem within staff in prisons, in terms of their relation with the home office. The more prisoners coming into prisons increases the workload for the staff, this is without the relief of additional staff being employed. Staff unrest can lead to industrial action, which will lead to the breakdown of the prison service. The final factors that need considering in this account is the effect all of the above has on the security in prisons. Prisoners breaking out of prison are seen as causing massive problems. This is relatively non-existent in prisons today, since 1995/1996 there has been no escape from prisons (NOMS annual report 2011: 5). This means that in terms of protecting the public with the high prison population and no escapes the prison system is operating very efficiently. Another aspect that has to be looked at here is the fact of security inside prison. Riots are still present, as seen last year in the Ford open prison riots. This would suggest that in some instances prisons are not actually capable of controlling their prisoners. Riots are seen clear evidence of a crisis in prison but riots are very rare in the prison system. From all of this stated above it is clear that the orthodox account, is still very relevant in todays prison society. In particular is the issue of high prison population leading to increased overcrowding levels. Which in 2012 are at an all time high. However one development to this theory comes from Lord Woolf who agreed with orthodox accounts of security and control being crucial to a stable prison system, put also placed importance on justice. Justice refers to the obligation of the Prison Service to treat prisoners with humanity and fairness and to prepare them for their return to the community in a way which makes it less likely that they will reoffend’ (Woolf 1991: para 9. 20). This quote coming from Woolf’s report in 1992 can be seen still to be extremely relevant today, when looked at the prison systems aims and purposes, as mentioned earlier in the essay. This make s Woolf’s recommendation crucial to looking at what the state of the prison system is in today. In terms of conditions there are said to be three elements, which influence the quality of life for prisoners. The first being the wretchedness of the physical accommodation, the second being the regime the prisoners are subject to on a daily basis. The final one being the difficulty prisoners face in maintaining relationships with family and friends whilst inside (Cavadino & Dignan: 2007). In looking at the physical accommodation of prisoners in today’s society the view is that prison is much like a ‘holiday camp’ for prisoners. He said he would make sure jails – dubbed ‘holiday camps’ by critics – are no longer seen as places which convicts ‘enjoy’ (Gayling, cited in The Mail, 2012). This quote supports the view that contrast to back in 1992 prisons are now at a state where they could be said to be to nice for prisoners. This results in the fact that prisoners become to comfortable with prison life that once they leave, go ing back to prison seems very attractive to them. This would suggest that the prison system is failing to do one of its more traditional roles of deterring prisoners from crime. Therefore it is failing in another one of its purposes adding to the evidence that the prison system is not working. The second component of justice in prison is preparing the prisoner for life back in the community. This is tackling what put them in there for the first place through rehabilitation. This is done through various programmes such as, offender behaviour programmes, drug addiction programmes, alcohol, work experience and educational programmes. In addressing this essay question, one of the fundamental goals in prison today is rehabilitation of offenders. If rehabilitation was working then the rates of re-offending should be low. In 2010 around 170,000 offenders committed a proven re-offence within a year, providing a re-offending rate of 26. 7 per cent (Ministry of Justice, 2012). This statistic shows that in society right now a significant amount of the prison population do re-offend. Relating this to purpose of prison today it is clear that it is failing in rehabilitating offenders. Strengthening the belief that the prison system is in crisis. This essay has addressed the purposes of prison today and how they match up to accounts of what a crisis is by criminologists. It is clear using the orthodox account and Lord Woolf that the prison is in crisis. The prison population is at a record high, as are overcrowding levels as well as re-offending rates. This all suggests that the prison system is unable to match their purposes, and fulfil their aims in modern prisons systems, so it is in a state of crisis. However, to just say it is the prison system that is a in a state of crisis would be a very narrow approach to the issue. One crucial aspect to look at when examining the prison system is penal policy, and most importantly would be sentencing policy. Sentencing can be seen as a fundamental component of the prisons system. The sentences given out by judges in the courts will influence the prison population as well as determining how long the prisoner will be in there. One of the major problems through sentencing, is the fact that the sentences are unjust or to short. In terms of duration of sentences the average custodial sentence as of 2012, is 14. 8 months (Ministry of Justice, 2012). This statistic shows that the average prisoner will only spend a relatively short period of time, which leaves the question as to whether this enough time for rehabilitation to take place. It concluded that 60% of short-sentenced prisoners commit another crime within a year of getting out’ (Cooney, 2010. ). This quote is evidence that for short-term offenders the majority will reoffend. Therefor this leads to the conclusion that prison does not work for them, thus meaning the resources spent on them would be better for long-term prisoners. T he fact that the prison population is increasing through this policy means that already scarce resources for rehabilitation are becoming even scarcer. This is having a huge impact on the prison system in being able to rehabilitate offenders, to reducing reoffending rates. ‘A recent report from the National Audit Office (NAO) confirms what many people knew already – short sentences just do not work’ (ibid). This sums up the point that the sentencing policy is not working and needs to be changed, which could result with the problems in the prison system being reduced. However this doesn’t appear to be likely to be changing in the future with the new secretary of state for justice Chris Gayling. Am I planning to reduce the number of prison places? No I'm not. I do not want to set a target to reduce the prison population. ’ (Gayling, cited in Telegraph, 2012. ) This quote shows that future policy will only strengthen to increase the prison population not reduce it. In conclusion to this essay it is clear from the evidence gathered in this essay that the prison system is in state where there are huge pr oblems within. The high prison population, overcrowding levels and lack of rehabilitation highlights this the most. However since looking at the data gathered it is clear that these are issues that have not just affected the prison system in today’s society. This could suggest that if its always been plagued by problems that, in reality its not in crisis its just ‘business like usual’. Despite this, relating back to the definition previously mentioned it is clear that the system is in crisis because of the intense difficulties it is facing. All of this could be argued that it is down to penal policy rather than the prison system, which as mentioned is contributing significantly to the difficulties.References Used * Berman, G. (2012) `Prison population statistics’. Library: House of Commons. * Cavadino, M. and Dignan, J. (2007) The Penal System: An Introduction 4th edition, London: SAGE Publications Ltd. * Cooney, F, insidetime (April, 2010) `Short sentences are not the answer’ (Internet) Available at: http://www.insidetime.org/articleview.asp?a=720;c=short_sentences_are_not_the_answer , Accessed: 28/11/12. * Jewkes, Y. and Bennet, J. (2008) Dictionary of Prisons and Punishment, Devon: Willan Publishing. * Leech, M. (2009) The Prisons Handbook 2009 11th edition, Manchester: Prisons.Org.Uk Ltd. * Ministry of Justice (2012) `Criminal justice statistics’ (Internet) Available at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/statistics/criminal-justice/criminal-justice-statistics, Accessed: 28/11/12. * Ministry of Justice (2012) `National Offender Management Service Annual Report 2010/2011: Management Information Ammendum.’ Available at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/prison-probation/prison-probation-performance-stats/noms-annual-report-2010-11-addendum.pdf, Accessed: 20/11/12 * Ministry of Justice (2012) `Proven re-offending’ (Internet) Available at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/statistics/reoffending/proven-re-offending, Accessed: 27/11/12. * Slack, J. and Chapman, J. Mail Online (2012) ‘I’ll stop our jails being like holiday camps, says new minister of justice.’ (Internet) Available at: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2205824/Ill-stop-jails-like-holiday-camps-says-new-minister-justice.html?ITO=1490, Accesed:30/11/12 * The Telegraph. (2012) `Prisons should be tougher for criminals, justice secretary Chris Gayling warns.’ Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/9554533/Prison-should-be-tougher-for-criminals-Justice-Secretary-Chris-Grayling-warns.html, Accessed: 30/11/12. * Treadwell, J. (2006) Criminology, London: SAGE Publications Ltd. * Woolf, H. and Tumin, S. (1991) Prison Disturbances April 1990, Cm 1456. London: HMSO. Note: Received a 2:1 for this work

Strategic Management Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Strategic Management Theories - Essay Example Strategic management theorists have over the years developed various tools to help managers in formulating strategies for organisational success. These include the SWOT analysis, Ansoffs matrix, PESTLE, and Porters five forces among others. These tools assess the threats and opportunities as well as the strengths and weaknesses for the firm and enable it to capitalise on them. The Porters five forces and the generic strategies have been widely used by companies to assess the attractiveness of the industry and their competitive position hence are able to formulate strategies to gain competitive advantage in the industry. The five forces include: competitor rivalry, threat of close substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, and threat of new entrants. The five forces will be used in this paper to assess the competitive position of the UK fire service and the strategies employed by the company. Rivalry in the industry is more apparent where are there are exi sting businesses and threat of entry and exit is high. Firms compete on price, new products, technology, advertisements and on customer service. According to Porter (1998) rivalry results from slow growth within the industry, high fixed costs, lack of differentiation, diverse competitors, and equally balance companies among others. Intense rivalry has a great impact on price and profitability of the firm especially if there are close substitute products in the industry. The UK fire service is a parastatal which operates under separate legislation and administrative arrangements of devolved governments of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The Fire and Rescue Service (FRS) is funded and governed by the fire authority. There are various fire brigades in each country under local authorities but in North Ireland, there is only one statutory corporation funded by department of health, social services and public safety (UK Fire Service, 2012). As such, there are no strong com petitors in the fire industry since most services are offered for free by the government. However, there are competitors such as DDA fire ltd which is the largest private fire service in UK offering specialist fire and safety, high profile health and safety consultancy and sales services to private sector (DDA, 2012). Some of the FRS in UK include: fire fire and rescue services in Scotland, Strathclyde with 111 fire stations strategically placed in Scotland, NIFRS in N.Ireland with 68 stations and the London FRS under the fire authority. There is no intense rivalry in the industry hence it is attractive for investment. Another force as portrayed by porter is the bargaining power of suppliers in the industry which has an effect on prices and quality of products. According to Porter (1998) a high bargaining power is achieved when there are few companies or suppliers in the industry. It also occurs when there are no close substitutes such that even if the suppliers offered high prices, the industry would still take it since there is no option. If the product is essential in the industry, the suppliers may also have power over it. The suppliers can also threaten to integrate forward hence becoming a threat to the industry. However, De Wit and Meyer (2010) argue that forming the right strategy can alter the power of

Evaluate for<< V for Vendetta>> Essay

Evaluate for> - Essay Example In the essay we read of an individual who stepped up toward there game eventually risking his own life  so the citizens that he represents would have the said freedom that was deserved. In the essay, we evaluated the V for Vendetta text by looking into aesthetic and practical criteria such as plot, characters, visual, costumes, music, directing, dialogue, entertainment values, acting abilities, or specific skills demonstrated by the characters. When a subject matter is evaluated, the audience should be provided with an overall claim, supporting evidence, and concluding based recommendations. Therefore in summary form, this essay evaluate the V for Vendetta movie based on character traits, lessons depicted and quotes used. In 1603, aman known as V decided to destroy their parliament through use of Gunpowder Plot. In this movie, Director James McTeigue portrays how the Britain regime was corrupt and full of dictatorship. However, a freedom fighter called V decided to bring this totalitarian Government into the heels by using gunpowder. In the process, Chancellor Adam Sutler known as John Hurt decided to take power and ended up instilling fear on the London’s citizen so that they can know who is in power and therefore not judge him on corruption deeds. However, the main character in the movie known as v is heard saying that â€Å"Remember, remember the Fifth of November,† meaning that at that day, the London based citizens should take to streets and protest against their regime without fear or contradiction (Criteria for Great Movie 2014). Before sending his message on live based television, the chancellor faced a lot of challenges among them killings occurred with doctors who were in the detention based center where William Rookwood changed his name to V.V decided to take revenge against the doctors and the government because of the killings and torture of great Britain people. On his mission, V meets a

Academic Report and Financial Calculations 04033 Essay

Academic Report and Financial Calculations 04033 - Essay Example Its appropriateness is examined and the benefit is extracted so as to decipher whether it is acceptable by the company in the present situation (Schlingemann, Stulz and Walkling, 2009; Valipour, Moradi and Farsi, 2012). This is essential for developing a strong business relation between the suppliers and companies. The suppliers should abide the policies that are followed by the company. Similar case is seen in the case study of LJC Ltd. LJC Ltd is fruit and vegetable supplier, who aims at delivering value and good quality handpicked fruits and vegetables to the small retailers. Though it is a family run business, but it has seen success in the past 80 years through their business operation as a constant effort to connect to big companies. LJC Ltd is trying to negotiate with the small supermarket chain known as Co-share for the past twelve months. The deal is to manage the fruit and vegetable packing and distribution of Co-share. Co-share has 160 stores that are operating in South East and Midlands. The company is very strict regarding the business ethics and the fair trade policies. For LJC Ltd, the contract will increase the volume of products, which are managed by the business. In order to assist Co-share in their business, LJC Ltd has to use fair trade products and develop best HR practices such as equality policies and staff development. Project A and B is evaluated for identifying the best project for LJC Ltd. Payback period is the span of time, which is required for recovering cost of investment that is made by a company (Valerie, Cook and Ali, 2010; Marić, Kamberović and Radlovacki, 2011; Amihud and Mendelson, 2010; Arshad, 2012; Easley and O’Hara, 2009). As per Appendix 1a, it is observed that the project A will incur positive cumulative cash flow in the third year. Therefore, payback is calculated on the basis of the positive cash flow that is incurred from the project. The cumulative cash flow at the end of 4th year is  £ 60500. Therefore, by

Major Depression Disorder Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Major Depression Disorder - Case Study Example The negative effects of MDD are often manifested in the patient’s inability to function normally in a personal and social capacity. Given her other pre-existing conditions, many of the symptoms are enhanced and result in a series of clinical manifestations discussed herein.Mrs. X’s subjective manifestation was initially evident when she has begun to shun speech and the company of others, she spends a lot of time by herself and the few time she speaks she is cynical and very pessimistic. When the social worker asked her if she wanted to go to talk to a doctor, she said he would only try to poison her again and refused anything to do with hospitals. She also contemplated suicide a lot and she would sometimes be heard muttering that God should not take away her health and her ability to â€Å"escape it all†. Her language was generally soft spoken but she displayed some latency in speech, tending to speak slowly and hesitantly and sometimes seeming to lose her stream of thought and wondering of the course of the conversation. On admission, her MMSE (mini mental examination) score was 25/30, he thought the content was low in tempo and the logical coherence was at times challenging. However, after she had undergone medication and two courses of ECT, her speech improved becoming more engaging and she was able to come up with more constructive and logical thought; in the short run, ECT tends to produce more immediate results than antidepressants, however, it negatively affected her short term memory albeit temporally.

Web Searching as an Important Revenue Source for Various Online Firms Essay

Web Searching as an Important Revenue Source for Various Online Firms - Essay Example In order to assess and highlight the current web browsing trends, the paper compares the performance of different browsers and their individual and market performance as well. This comparison would enable to determine the most effective way to gain digital competitive advantage for Google Chrome. Our goal from the analyzation of these market shares to company perceived value is to be able to finally bring google chrome over the top and make it the number one most used web browser. We are in a position and ready to do this, however, first, we need to better understand what we can gain from this. We will be able to gain a better understanding of our competitors and their reliance on web browsers as a source of revenue for their company. Seeing as web browsers have almost no cost, this seems to be a very effective method of raising profits without raising costs. Since Google has a primarily web-based source of total income, it would be wise of us to increase this even more; this has been difficult in recent years seeing as how Google sells only the chrome book as hardware. This will give us a good idea of who may be a possible target for a business deal in which we are allowed to download our web browser as the default. As we are able to see from the numbers alone, we have been able to gain twenty-eight percent of web browser market share within the two years of our introduction of chrome in 2010. The majority of this share was at the expense of Firefox and Internet explorer who had held 32.7% and 52.4% respectively, at the time of our introduction. At the time, safari had only held 3.72% of the market share, which although halved by 2012, does not explain the significant increase that we have experienced with chrome. Currently, the market share for Internet Explorer, FireFox, Safari and Chrome are 34.6%, 5.14%, 1.39% and 28.24%, respectively; meaning that we are 6.36% of market share away from being equal to the market share of internet explorer.